In vivo evaluation of fluoride dentifrice and diet control on the demineralization/remineralization process using laser readouts at the margin of the orthodontic bracket/enamel interface.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, in vivo, the effect of fluoride dentifrice and diet control on the demineralization/remineralization processes at the margin of bracket/enamel interface bonded with four different bonding materials, using optical microscopy and fluorescent laser (DIAGNOdent). METHODS: Premolars in 35 subjects (11 to 20 years old) were divided into Group 1 (n = 15) and Group 2 (n = 20). Four bracket/enamel interfaces (near points) and four points at a distance of 2 mm (distant points) were observed. Evaluations were made at the following times: 15 days before bracket bonding (T0), on day of bonding (T1), 1 week after bonding (T2), and 4 weeks after bonding (T3). Subjects received fluoride dentifrice, and toothbrush and were instructed to brush 3x/day, after main meals. Group 1 received the instructions at T1 and Group 2 at T0 and these were reinforced weekly. The Microarch brackets were bonded with four materials: Transbond XT; Concise Ortodôntico; Fuji Ortho LC and Monolok2. DIAGNOdent laser readouts were used for comparison. RESULTS: Data were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests (P < 0.05). Higher readouts were found at nearer points than at distant points; Group 2 presented lower readouts than Group 1; No differences were observed among bonding materials.

Relationship of the hyoid bone and posterior surface of the tongue for class II division 1 orthodontic patients / Posição do osso hióide e da superfície posterior da língua em melanodermas com maloclusão de classe II divisão 1

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hyoid bone position in the sagittal and vertical planes, on dolichoprosopic, brachyprosopic and mesoprosopic facial types. Methods: Individuals with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion were compared with a control group (Class I). Lateral teleradiographs of 45 dark-skinned individuals (experimental group) were selected from the scientific archives of the São Leopoldo Mandic College of Dentistry. The control group comprised 22 dark-skinned individuals with Angle Class I malocclusion, selected from the same archives. The cephalometric distances ANS-PNS, ANS-PH, PT-PoPh, BV-PoPh, AH-PoPh were used for evaluation of hyoid bone position in the sagittal plane; in the vertical plane, the cephalometric distances evaluated were H-SN; H-FH; H-MP; H-PP; H-OP. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) calculated from control group data to evaluate observer reliability was 0.91. Statistical analysis performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey?s test at a 5% level of significance.Results: No significant statistical differences were found for the position of the hyoid bone in individuals with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, in both sagittal and vertical planes, when comparing all the facial types. When the groups of individuals with Angle Class I and II malocclusion were compared, differences were statistically significant in relation to the following vertical measurements H-SN; H-FH; H-PP; H-OP. However, there was no significant statistical difference for the H-MP cephalometric distance. Considering the sagittal measurements, only the distance ANS-PNS differed statistically between the groups. Conclusion: In accordance with the absence of statistical differences among the facial types, it appears that an adaptation of the tegumentary tissue exists around the hyoid bone.

Objetivo: Localizar o osso hióide no sentido sagital e vertical, nos três tipos faciais (braquifacial, mesofacial e dolicofacial), em indivíduos com maloclusão Classe II, divisão 1 de Angle, comparando-os a um grupo controle com oclusão clinicamente normal. Métodos: Foram utilizadas telerradiografias de cabeça em norma lateral de 45 indivíduos com maloclusão Classe II divisão 1 (grupo experimental) melanodermas, selecionados do arquivo científico da Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic. Como grupo controle, foi utilizada uma amostra de 22 indivíduos melanodermas com oclusão clinicamente normal, selecionada do mesmo arquivo. Foram avaliadas as grandezas cefalométricas para a determinação do posicionamento sagital do osso hióide: ENA-ENP, ENA-PH, PT-PoPh, BV-PoPh, AH-PoPh e para a avaliação do posicionamento vertical do osso hióide: H-SN; H-FH; H-MP; H-PP; H-OP. A fim de estimar a reprodutibilidade do operador, foi utilizado o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), a partir dos dados do grupo controle, e o valor obtido foi 0,91, considerado ótimo. As análises estatísticas utilizadas foram: teste t, ANOVA e Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%.Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no posicionamento do osso hióide, tanto no sentido sagital como no vertical, nos indivíduos melanodermas de Classe II divisão 1, comparando os tipos faciais. Quando foram comparados os grupos com maloclusão Classe I e II, os resultados mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significante quanto às medidas verticais: H-SN; H-FH; H-PP; H-OP. Já com relação à medida H-MP, não houve diferença significativa. Quanto às medidas sagitais, somente ENA-ENP apresentou diferença significante entre os dois grupos. Conclusão: A ausência de diferença estatística entre os tipos faciais sugere haver uma característica adaptativa dos tecidos tegumentares ao redor do osso hióide.

Mecanismos bioquímicos da reabsorção radicular por tratamento ortodôntico / Biochemical mechanism involved in root resorption caused by treatment orthodontic

A reabsorção radicular como sequela do tratamento ortodôntico foi o foco desta revisão de literatura, que objetivou rever e elucidar seus mecanismos bioquímicos, fatores influentes inerentes ao tratamento ortodôntico e inerentes ao indivíduo. Observou-se que o processo de reabsorção é relacionado à hialinização do ligamento periodontal, iniciando-se concomitantemente ao processo de eliminação do tecido hialinizado e, aparentemente, regulado pelos mesmos moduladores inflamatórios, tais como prostaglandinas, interleucinas e fator de necrose tumoral-a, demonstrando íntima sua relação com este mecanismo. O processo de reabsorção poderia ainda ser inibido por substâncias associadas ao metabolismo de cálcio relacionadas à inibição de uma ou mais funções próprias de odontoclastos: hormônio tireoidiano (T4), bisfosfonatos, calcitonina, echistatina. Outras substâncias, tais como os fatores de crescimento semelhantes à insulina, ativador do receptor do fator nuclear kappa β, osteoprotegerina, fosfoforina dentinária e sialoproteína dentinária, detectadas localmente durante movimentação ortodôntica, não teriam seu papel esclarecido no processo de reabsorção. Estas, juntamente à enzima fosfatase ácida resistente a tartrato (TRAP, observada em odontoblastos e odontoclastos ativos), poderiam ser ao menos indicadores de ocorrência de reabsorção. A reabsorção prolongada após o tratamento ortodôntico está relacionada a outras causas, que não o tratamento.

Considered, by many authors, as one of the most usual sequelae of orthodontic treatment, root resorption was the focus of this review of literature, which aimed to reexamine and clarify the biochemical mechanisms of resorption, as well as influent factors, either individual or regarding the very orthodontic treatment. Literature showed that the process of root resorption is connected to hyalinization of the periodontal ligament, and initiates concurrently with the removal of hyalinized tissue; also, it appears to be regulated by the same modulators, such as prostaglandins, interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-a, showing a close relationship to inflammation mechanisms. Root resorption could also be inhibited by calcium metabolism-associated substances that are related to one or more odontoclastic functions: thyroid hormone (T4), bisphosphonates, calcitonin, echistatin, and others. Prolonged resorption after orthodontic treatment could be related to other causes not specifically involved in the treatment.

Controle vertical no tratamento da maloclusão classe II, divisão 1 de Angle associada à mordida aberta com aparelho extrabucal conjugado / Vertical control in the treatment of Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion associated with anterior open bite using a conjugated extraoral appliance

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações dento-esqueléticas de indivíduos com maloclusão classe II divisão 1 de Angle associada à mordida aberta anterior, tratados com arco extrabucal de inserção palatina conjugado a placa expansora encapsulada. MÉTODOS: Trinta e um pacientes entre seis e nove anos de idade na fase de dentição mista foram tratados em média por 1,2 anos com arco extrabucal conjugado. As telerradiografias iniciais e finais em norma lateral da cabeça foram traçadas por um único pesquisador três vezes e os valores médios de cada grandeza foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos t-Student ou Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: A redução do ângulo SNA (-0,56º ± 1,76) foi a única alteração não significativa. Para as medidas angulares houve aumento significativo para SNB (1,16º ± 1,36) e PHF.PP (1,50º ± 1,35) e redução significativa de ANB (-1,77º ± 0,84), FMA de (-0,48º ± 1,29), IMPA (-2,03º ± 4,05) SN.Gn de (-0,60º ± 1,15) eSN.GoMe(-0,84º ± 1,60). Nas medidas lineares ocorreu aumento significativo em Altura Facial Anterior (1,23 ± 1,33mm), Altura Facial Posterior (1,40 ± 1,19mm), Indice de Altura Facial (0,01 ± 0,02), C-Max (0,40 ± 0,58mm), C-Mand (2,10 ± 0,96mm), Go-Cd (1,58 ± 1,26mm) e Go-Me (2,02 ± 0,91mm). CONCLUSÃO: Houve controle vertical no terço inferior da face, com redução maxilo-mandibular devido à restrição da maxila e liberação do crescimento mandibular, demonstrando que a terapia com arco extrabucal conjugado com inserção palatina conjugado a placa expansora encapsulada é uma opção eficiente no tratamento de indivíduos hiperdivergentes com maloclusão classe II, divisão 1 de Angle associada a mordida aberta anterior.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the dental and skeletal changes seen in individuals with Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion associated with anterior open bite treated with headgear coupled with palatal expander. METHODS: Thirty-one patients aged 6 to 9 years with mixed dentition were treated with headgear for a mean time of 1.2 years. Baseline and final cephalograms were assessed three times by the same researcher and the mean values of each parameter were treated by the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Reduction in the S-N-A angle (-0.56º ± 1.76) was the only change that was not statistically significant. There were significant increases in S-N-B (-1.16º ± 1.36) and FHP.PP (-1.50º ± 1.35) and significant reductions in ANB (-1.77º ± 0.84), SN.Gn (-0.60º ± 1.15), FMA (-0.48º ± 1.29), IMPA (-2.03º ± 4.05) and SN.GoMe (-0.84º ± 1.60). Among linear measurements, a significant increase occurred in anterior facial height (1.23 ± 1.33 mm), posterior facial height (1.40 ± 1.19mm), facial height index (0.01 ± 0.02), total maxillary length (0.40 ± 0.58mm), total jaw length (2.10 ± 0.96mm), Go-Cd (1.58 ± 1.26mm) and Go-Me (2.02 ± 0.91mm). CONCLUSION: There was vertical control of the lower facial third, which reduced the maxillomandibular gap by restricting maxillary growth and encouraging mandibular growth, demonstrating that therapy with headgear coupled with palatal expander is an efficient option for treating hyperdivergent patients with Angle's Class II Division1 malocclusion associated with open bite.

Correlação entre a análise de Carrea e as dimensões intra-arcos de Nouer em crianças com dentição decídua clinicamente normal / Correlation between morphological analyses and intra-arch dimensions in child with deciduous dentition clinically normal

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a forma do arco dentário decíduo, verificando a correlação com as dimensões intra-arcos. Foram avaliados modelos de gesso de 30 crianças leucodermas de três a cinco anos, com dentição decídua completa, hígida, oclusão clinicamente normal e ausência de hábitos bucais deletérios, sendo que as crianças foram divididas por gênero. Foram utilizadas a análise de Carrea (1920) e as medidas intra-arcosde Nouer (1982): perímetro, comprimento total do arco e dos segmentos anterior e posteriore distâncias intermolares e intercaninos. Os dados demonstraram que o triângulo equilátero (ABC) descrito por Carrea foi observado em apenas 80% e 53,3% dos modelos superiores e em 40% e 20% dos modelos inferiores, nos meninos e meninas, respectivamente. Nosdemais casos foram encontrados triângulos isósceles. A coincidência entre a medida do perímetro do segundo molar inferior e a distância entre os segundos molares superiores, como Carrea afirmou existir, foi observada em apenas 30% da amostra. As correlaçõesentre as medidas dos triângulos e as dimensões intra-arcos foram analisadas por meio da correlação de Pearson (p < 0,05) e foram significativas entre a base dos triângulos (BC) e as distâncias intermolares (superior r = 0,90 e inferior r = 0,72) e entre BC e as distâncias intercaninos (superior r = 0,75 e inferior r = 0,64). Além disso, também houve correlaçãosignificativa entre os lados dos triângulos (AB e AC) e o perímetro dos arcos (superior r =0,70 e inferior r = 0,80). Concluiu-se que a análise de Carrea deve ser utilizada criteriosamente, associando-a com mensurações intra-arcos, como as de Nouer, para uma correta avaliação da dentição decídua.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the deciduous dental arch form, verifyingthe correlation with the intra-arch dimensions. It was evaluated dental casts of the 30 Caucasian children, aged between 3 and 5 years with complete deciduous dentition, without caries,normal occlusion and absence of deleterious oral habit, they were divided by gender. It was used the Garrea (1920) analyses and the intra-arch measurements by Nouer (1982): perimeter, arch total, anterior and posterior length, and the inter-molar and inter-canine distances. The data showed that the equilateral triangle (ABG) was observed in just 80% and 53.3% of theupper casts, and in 40% and 20% of the lower cast, on boys and girls, respectively. In the other cases, it was observed isosceles triangles. The coincidence between the second lowermolar perimeter and the second upper molar distances, according to Garrea affirmative, was observed injust 30% of this data. The correlation between the measurements of the trianglesand the intra-arch dimensions were analyzed by Pearson correlation (p < 0.05) and they were significant between the triangle bases (BG) and the inter-molar distances (upper r = 0.90 andlower r = 0.72), and between BG and the inter-canines distances (upper r = 0.75 and lower r = 0.64). Besides that, it was found significant correlation between the triangles sides (AB and AG) and the arch perimeters (upper r = 0.70 and lower r = 0.80). It was conclude thatthe Garrea analyses must be used with criteria and associated with intra-arch measurements, as Nouer's one, for a correct evaluation of the deciduous dentition.

Cephalometric assessment of vertical control in the treatment of class II malocclusion with a combined maxillary splint.

Vertical control is one of the primary objectives sought by orthodontists when treating malocclusions in hyperdivergent individuals. This investigation aimed at assessing vertical control, by cephalometric measurements, during the treatment of Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Thirty cases, selected from the files of the São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Brazil, of subjects with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion and facial hyperdivergence, were used in this study. The patients were treated using a combined extraoral appliance during a mean treatment time of 1.1 years. Pre- and posttreatment cephalometric measurements were compared to assess vertical control. The results were submitted to ANOVA (p = 5%). The ANOVA test revealed no statistically significant difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment values of OP (Occlusal plane angle) and SN.MP. While there was a decrease in Y-axis, FMA, and PP.MP, there was an increase in SN.PP, Co-Go, AFH, PFH, and FHI. It was concluded that the divergence in the facial lower third of the patients did not increase, suggesting that the combined extraoral appliance with the line of force application directed to the resistance center of the maxilla was effective in treating Angle Class II malocclusion in hyperdivergent subjects.

Cephalometric assessment of vertical control in the treatment of class II malocclusion with a combined maxillary splint

Vertical control is one of the primary objectives sought by orthodontists when treating malocclusions in hyperdivergent individuals. This investigation aimed at assessing vertical control, by cephalometric measurements, during the treatment of Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Thirty cases, selected from the files of the São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Brazil, of subjects with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion and facial hyperdivergence, were used in this study. The patients were treated using a combined extraoral appliance during a mean treatment time of 1.1 years. Pre- and posttreatment cephalometric measurements were compared to assess vertical control. The results were submitted to ANOVA (p = 5 percent). The ANOVA test revealed no statistically significant difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment values of OP (Occlusal plane angle) and SN.MP. While there was a decrease in Y-axis, FMA, and PP.MP, there was an increase in SN.PP, Co-Go, AFH, PFH, and FHI. It was concluded that the divergence in the facial lower third of the patients did not increase, suggesting that the combined extraoral appliance with the line of force application directed to the resistance center of the maxilla was effective in treating Angle Class II malocclusion in hyperdivergent subjects.

Posição e estabilidade dos incisivos inferiores após expansão rápida da maxila / Position and stability of the mandibular incisors after rapid maxillary expansion

Objetivo: Avaliar cefalometricamente a posição e estabilidade dos incisivos inferiores logo após a expansão rápida da maxila e após um período de cinco meses de contenção. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em 21 escolares, com idades entre 6 anos e 11 meses e 11 anos, com dentição mista, mordida cruzada posterior e primeiros molares permanentes irrompidos. As crianças foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo 1 (composto por onze crianças), no qual foi utilizado expansor rápido de maxila encapsulado e grupo 2 (composto por dez crianças), no qual foi utilizado expansor Hyrax convencional. Três telerradiografias de cada indivíduo, em norma lateral, foram realizadas: antes do tratamento, após expansão rápida da maxila e após um período de cinco meses de contenção. As medidas cefalométricas utilizadas para avaliar os incisivos foram: /1.NB, /1-NB, /1-Linha I, IMPA e /1-Jr. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Dalhberg, para cálculo do erro de repetibilidade e à ANOVA (p<0,05). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa entre as mecânicas adotadas, mas não apresentaram diferença entre as medidas iniciais, após expansão rápida da maxila e final, para todas as grandezas, exceto para /1-Jr. Conclusão: a expansão rápida da maxila, utilizando-se aparelho encapsulado ou Hyrax, não provocou alteração significativa das grandezas: /1.NB, /1-NB, /1-Linha I, IMPA; antes, após expansão rápida da maxila e após contenção.

Objective: To make a cephalometric evaluation of the position and stability of the mandibular incisors immediately after rapid maxillary expansion and after a containment period of five months. Methods: The sample consisted of 21 schoolchildren, aged between 6 years and 11 months and 11 years, with mixed dentition, posterior reverse articulation (posterior cross bite), and erupted permanent first molars. The children were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (composed of eleven children), in whom the encapsulated rapid maxilla expander was used, and Group 2 (composed of ten children), in whom the conventional Hyrax expander was used. Three lateral teleradiographs of each individual were taken: before treatment, after rapid maxillary expansion, and after a containment period of five months. The cephalometric measurements used for analyzing the incisors were: /1.NB, /1-NB, /1-Line I, IMPA and /1-Jr. The data were submitted to the Dalhberg test, to calculate the error of repeatability, and to ANOVA (p<0.05). Results: The result showed significant difference between the adopted mechanics, but showed no difference between the initial measures, those after rapid expansion of the maxilla and final measures for all the distances, except for /1-Jr. Conclusion: Rapid maxillary expansion, using the encapsulated appliance or Hyrax, caused no significant alteration in the distances: /1.NB, /1-NB, /1-Line I, IMPA; before, after rapid maxillary expansion and after containment.

Enamel demineralization with two forms of archwire ligation investigated using an in situ caries model--a pilot study.

A modified in situ model to assess enamel demineralization around orthodontic devices was developed and a pilot study was conducted to evaluate two types of archwire ligation. Enamel blocks were placed in palatal removable appliances where orthodontic brackets were bonded. The brackets on one side of the appliance were ligated with elastomeric rings and those on the other side with stainless steel wires. Four volunteers (two males, two females), mean age 27 years, wore the appliances for 14 days during which time a 20 per cent sucrose solution was dripped eight times a day onto the enamel blocks. The biofilm formed around the brackets was collected for microbiological analyses and the mineral loss around the brackets was determined by cross-sectional microhardness measurement. The ligatures evaluated did not differ significantly from each other regarding biofilm weight, total bacteria, total streptococci, mutans streptococci, or lactobacilli counts (P > 0.05, Wilcoxon paired test). Enamel demineralization was also not different around the brackets for the different ligation methods (P > 0.05, split-split-plot analysis of variance). However, a statistical power analysis based on the data showed a trend to higher demineralization around brackets ligated with elastomeric rings. The developed modified in situ model may be suitable to assess the caries potential of clinical procedures used in orthodontic treatment.

The effects of systemic stress on orthodontic tooth movement.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if systemic stress affects the biological reactions occurring during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Four groups of male 10 week-old Wistar rats were used. Group A animals (N=10) were restrained for one hour per day for 40 days; Group B animals (N=10) were restrained for one hour per day for three days; Group C (N=10) and Group D (N=8) animals were unrestrained. The upper left first molars in the rats in Groups A (long-term stress), B (short-term stress) and C (control) were moved mesially during the last 14 days of the experiment. The animals in Group D (N=8) were used for body weight and hormonal dosage comparisons only. They were not subjected to any stress and did not have appliances fitted. All animals were killed at 18 weeks of age and blood collected for measurement of plasma corticosterone. Tooth movement was measured with an electronic caliper. The right and left hemi-maxillae of five rats from each group were removed and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells, defined as osteoclasts, adjacent to the mesial roots of the upper first molars counted. The contralateral side in each animal served as the control (split-mouth design). RESULTS: Corticosterone levels were significantly higher in the stressed groups (Groups A and B) than in the control group (Group C). Tooth movement was significantly greater in Group A (long-term stress) compared with Group B (short-term stress) and Group C (control), which did not differ from each other. There were significantly more osteoclasts in the long-term stress group than in the short-term stress and control groups. CONCLUSION: Persistent systemic stress increases bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Systemic stress may affect the rate of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment.

The effect of repeated bracket recycling on the shear bond strength of different orthodontic adhesives

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two consecutive recycling procedures on the shear bond strength of different orthodontic adhesives. Methods: Edgewise brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of 40 bovine incisors using the following bonding materials: Concise (group I), Transbond XT (group II), Smart Bond (group III) and Fuji Ortho (group IV). The teeth were stored in water at 37°C for 24 h, thermocycled between 5 and 55°C, and debonded using an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. In all groups, the bonded brackets were detached and rebonded after recycling by 50-µm particle aluminum oxide blasting. After the second recording of retentive strengths, the recycling procedure, the rebonding and the shear bond strength test were repeated. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. Results: The results showed that repeated recycling did not interfere in retention of brackets, regardless of the adhesive used. The highest shear bond strength values were obtained after bonding with Transbond XT, independent of the recycling procedure. Conclusion: Repeated bracket recycling using 50-µm aluminum oxide particle air abrasion did not affect the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with different orthodontic adhesives.

O Índice de Prioridade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IPTO) nos diferentes tipos faciais / The Treatment Priority Index (TPI) in different facial types

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o índice de Prioridade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IPTO) de pacientes que procuraram a FOP - Unicamp durante o ano de 2005. Escores do IPTO igual a O indicam oclusão clinicamente normal (A); entre 1 e 3 desvios mínimos e baixa necessidade de tratamento (B); entre 4 e 6 desvios definidos e tratamento optativo (C); entre 7 e 9 más-oclusõesincapacitante e tratamento necessário (D); e 210 más-oclusões incapacitantes graves e absoluta necessidade de tratamento (E). Foi realizada uma análise facial por meio de medidas antropométricas, classificando os pacientes em dolicofacial, mesofacial e braquifacial. A amostra (n=256) foi dividida em dois grupos (G) de acordo com a idade e subdivididos quanto ao gênero, raça e tipo facial. GI compreendeu pacientes entre seis e 11 anos (n=135), e G2 entre 12 e 17 anos (n=121). Os dados foram submetidos as análises Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis (p<0,05) e os resultados demonstraram que a média do IPTO para G1 foi de 7,07 e para G2 foi de 7,98. Quanto A distribuição dos escores do IPTO, os pacientes que apresentaram maior IPTO (D e E) representaram 45,2% em G I e 57,8% em G2 e isso ocorreu mais entre os dolicofaciais. Concluiu-se que o G2 apresentou maior IPTO, o que pode indicar uma tendência de agravamento da má-oclusão com o aumento da idade e que pacientes dolicofaciais, independente de idade, gênero ou raça, apresentaram uma média de TPTO aumentada em relação aos demais tipos faciais.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment priority index (TPI) of patients that apply for treatment at FOP - Unicamp in 2005. The score 0 of TPI means normal occlusion (A); scores between I and 3 means minor manifestation of malocclusion and treatment need is slight (B); scores between 3 and 4 means definite malocclusion and treatment elective (C); scores between seven and nine means severe handicap malocclusion and treatment highly desirable (D); and score >_10 means very severe handicap malocclusion with treatment mandatory (E). The facial analysis has being doing by anthropometric measures classifying patients in brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial. The sample (n=256) was divided in two groups (G) according to age and subdivided by gender, race and Facial Type. Group 1 contain 6 to 11 year old patients (n=135) and Group 2 have patients between 12 and 17 year old (n=121). Data was analyzed by Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis (p<0.05) and the results demonstrated that the GI TPI scores average 7.07 and C2 was 7.98. According to TPI scores distribution, 45.2% of GI and 57.8% of G2 demonstrated higher TPI (D e E) and it was more common in dolichofacial patients. It was concluded that G2 presented a higher TPI, which indicate asevere malocclusion tendency with increase of age and dolichofacial patients, independently of age, gender or race, presented an increased average TPI compared to the other facial types.

Reabilitação protética após verticalização de terceiro molar com severa inclinação / Prosthodontic rehabilitation after uprighting of third molar with severe inclination: a clinical report

Molares com inclinações severas geram situações desafiadoras para reabilitação oral e, portanto, requerem planejamento multidisciplinar. Este relato de caso apresenta um paciente adulto com histórico de desordem temporomandibular proveniente de extensa migração mesial de terceiro molar inferior associado a utilização de prótese inadequada. Uma alça simplificada, confeccionada com segmento de fio .018"x.025" TMA foi utilizada para verticalização de molar inferior, que permitiu a aplicação de forças suaves e evitando a extrusão dentária. Após seis meses, foi observada a correção do eixo de inserção para prótese fixa, garantindo uma oclusão satisfatória ao paciente.

A severe inclination of molars is generally a challenge to oral rehabilitation, which required a multidisciplinary planning. An adult patient with temporomandibular disorder history due mesial tipping of third inferior molar associated with inadequate prosthesis is presented. A tipback apparatus of uprighting inferior molar was used by applying low forces and to avoid tooth extrusion. This six-month molar uprighting was observed to improve the prosthesis insertion a is, providing the patient with an adequate occlusion.

Periodontal and microbiologic evaluation of 2 methods of archwire ligation: ligature wires and elastomeric rings.

INTRODUCTION: Prophylactic programs to prevent dental biofilm accumulation must be implemented to minimize the risk for periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients. Therefore, we assessed the possible periodontal and microbiologic changes resulting from the use of 2 methods of orthodontic archwire ligation: elastomeric rings and steel ligatures. METHODS: The following parameters were measured: plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing depth, and biofilm samples from the maxillary second premolars and the mandibular lateral incisors were evaluated in 14 subjects without clinical signs of gingival inflammation before orthodontic appliance placement and after 6 months of treatment. Each orthodontic arch was fixed with elastomeric rings on 1 side of the midline, and steel ligatures were used on the opposite side. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and P nigrescens. RESULTS: The elastomeric rings were associated with a higher score for plaque index and bleeding than steel ligatures, as well as many positive sites of T forsythia and P nigrescens (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elastomeric rings favored these 2 periodontopathogens and harmed gingival conditions.

Prevalence of malocclusion in a Brazilian schoolchildren population and its relationship with early tooth loss

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion in a Brazilian schoolchildren population in the mixed dentition, assessing its relationship with early tooth loss. The study population consisted of 1,014 7-11-year-old children of both genders, with low socioeconomic backgrounds and multiracial characteristics, living in the city of Jequié, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The clinical examination was carried out by an adequately calibrated orthodontist in the children’s classrooms. Data were analyzed statistically by either chi-square or Fisher’s exact test (a=0.05). Angle’s classification revealed that 22.3% of the population had normal occlusion. Class I malocclusion was observed in 47.6%, Class II division 1 in 21%, Class II division 2 in 0.9% and Class III in 8.2% of the children. Excluding the subjects (n=199) with early tooth loss, which is a condition that can modify malocclusion status, the distribution was as follows: Class I (36.2%), Class II division 1 (17.5%), Class II division 2 (0.7%) and Class III (3.7%). Early tooth loss was more commonly observed in boys (Class I, Class III left side, and both sides simultaneously). Anterior crossbite was observed in 5.7% of the subjects, posterior crossbite in 8.4%, anterior and posterior crossbite simultaneously in 2.6%, open bite in 13% and crowding in 49.6%. In conclusion, Class I malocclusion was the most prevalent alteration. The occlusal pattern of Class III was more common than Class II division 2, among the examined individuals.

Effects of short- and long-term celecoxib on orthodontic tooth movement.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that short- and long-term celecoxib administration has no effect on orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were submitted to short- (3 days) and long-term (14 days) celecoxib administration, while the respective control groups received equivolumetric saline intraperitoneal injections. The upper left first molars of all rats were moved mesially for 14 days by a fixed orthodontic appliance exerting 50 g force upon insertion. After the experimental period, tooth movement was quantified and tissues around the first molar were processed for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry. The amount of tooth movement and the number of TRAP-positive cells on the alveolar bone surface were evaluated. RESULTS: The amount of tooth movement was significantly reduced in rats submitted to short- and long-term celecoxib administration, while the number of osteoclasts on the alveolar bone did not differ between the four groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis is rejected. Although celecoxib administration did not affect the number of osteoclasts, the osteoclast activity might be reduced, which could explain the inhibition of tooth movement observed in the celecoxib-treated animals. These results indicate that orthodontists should be aware of patients under short- and long-term therapy with celecoxib.

Alterações periodontais e microbiológicas após instalação de aparelho ortodôntico fixo / Periodontal and microbiologic changes after the placement of fixed orthodontic appliance

Áreas de retenção do aparelho ortodôntico fixo permitem um maior acúmulo de biofilme dental, principal agente etiológico das doenças periodontais. Este estudo, através de revisão da literatura, pretende avaliar possíveis alterações periodontais e microbiológicas de pacientes com aparelho ortodôntico fixo. Os parâmetros clínicos, como índice de placa, índice de sangramento gengival e profundidade de sondagem foram analisados em diversos estudos, e a maior parte deles mostra resultados significativos de acúmulo de biofilme e inflamação gengival associado ao aparelho ortodôntico fixo. Há um grande aumento de microrganismos cariogênicos em pacientes ortodônticos, como S. mutans e Lactobacillus, principalmente nos casos de deficiência na higiene bucal. Quanto ao biofilme subgengival, pode-se afirmar que A. actinomycetemcomitans e T. forsythia, envolvidos com a doença periodontal, são os principais componentes do biofilme subgengival de bandas ortodônticas. Esta revisão mostrou a necessidade de mais estudos sobre a relação entre patógenos periodontais e aparelhos ortodônticos e ressaltou a importância da interação entre Periodontia e Ortodontia durante os tratamentos ortodônticos, principalmente nos pacientes com maiores riscos.

Evaluation of facial pattern in black brazilian subjects

Black subjects present craniofacial characteristics that differ from other ethnic groups. Thus, there is a need for studies that allow proper diagnostics for this specific group. This study aimed to evaluate the facial pattern in young Black Brazilian subjects by FMA and ôYõ-axis cephalometric measurements. The sample comprised the lateral cephalograms of 37 Black untreated young Brazilian subjects of both genders (16 males and 21 females), aged from 10 to 14 years, all from Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings; their occlusion was excellent by clinical standards, and they have never undergone orthodontic treatment. Following statistical analysis of data, it was observed no significant difference in facial pattern ratios between genders (FisherÆs exact test; p = 0.1596), but the prevailing facial pattern was mesofacial, followed by dolicofacial. Brachifacial pattern was absent in this sample. The mesofacial pattern was prevalent among females, and both mesofacial and dolicofacial patterns were equally distributed among males.

Shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with four different composite resins

The objective of this study was to assess the shear bond strength of metallic brackets with different types of Concise composites and the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Sixty bovine permanent lower incisors were inserted into PVC tubes and divided into four groups (n = 15): Group 1 û Transbond XT (control) composite; Group 2 û Concise restorative composite; Group 3 û Concise diluted restorative composite (Artun and ZachrissonÆs technique); and Group 4 û Concise Orthodontic composite. After bonding the brackets, the samples were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24 hours and then submitted to shear strength tests (Instron) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Analysis of variance and TukeyÆs test (5%) were used for statistically analysing the data regarding the shear bond strength results, whereas Kruskal-Wallis test was used for analysing the ARI scores. The shear bond strength mean values (MPa) for Group 1 (12.13) and Group 2 (12.20) were found to be statistically higher (p < .05) than that for Group 3 (8.20). No statistically significant differences were observed (p > .05) between Groups 1, 2, and 4 (9.86) as well as between Groups 3 and 4. Regarding the ARI evaluation, the majority of the fractures involved the bracket/ composite interface.

Cephalometric assessment of the hyoid bone position in oral breathing children.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: because of its anatomical and functional relationship with the craniofacial complex, we assessed the cephalometry of the hyoid bone position in relation to the respiratory pattern of these 53 female children, with average age of 10 years; 28 of them are nasal breathers and 25 are oral breathers. Horizontal, vertical and angular cephalometric measures were used in order to determine the hyoid bone location. The Student "t" and the Pearson correlation tests were used in order to compare the groups and the variables. RESULTS: We did not see statistically significant differences in mandible and hyoid bone positions and the respiratory pattern. In the hyoid triangle, the 0.40 correlation coeficient was significant between AA-ENP (distance between the Atlas vertebrae and the posterior nasal spine) and C3-H (distance between the third cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone) showing a positive relation between the bony limits of the upper and lower air spaces. For cranial measures we have suggested a relationship between the hyoid bone position and the mandible morphology. CONCLUSION: The results led us o conclude that the hyoid bone keeps a stable position, probably in order to secure correct ratios in the airways, and it does not depend on the respiratory pattern.